NAMA : CITRA AYU DANISA
KELAS : 1EA27
NPM : 11213939
Direct and
indirect speech
Introduction.
There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other person.
There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other person.
- Direct
speech
- Indirect
speech
|
Direct
Speech
|
-
|
Indirect
Speech
|
|
now
|
-
|
then
|
|
here
|
-
|
there
|
|
here after
|
-
|
there
after
|
|
this
|
-
|
that
|
|
these
|
-
|
those
|
|
ago
|
-
|
before
|
|
thus
|
-
|
so
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|
to-day
|
-
|
that day
|
|
to-night
|
-
|
that night
|
|
last night
|
-
|
the
previous night
|
|
yesterday
|
-
|
the day
before (or)
the previous day |
|
tomorrow
|
-
|
the next
day (or)
the following day |
|
last week
|
-
|
the week
before (or)
the previous week |
|
next week
|
-
|
the week
after (or)
the following week |
|
last month
|
-
|
the month
before (or)
the previous month |
|
next month
|
-
|
a month
after
|
|
hither
|
-
|
thither
|
|
hence
|
-
|
thence
|
·
If the
reporting verb is in the Present or Future tense (e.g., say, will say) there is
no change in the tense of the verb in the Indirect speech.
Antony says, “I eat a mango”. (D.S.)
Antony says, that he eats a mango”. (I.S.)
Antony says, “I eat a mango”. (D.S.)
Antony says, that he eats a mango”. (I.S.)
·
If Reporting
Verb is in the Past Tense. the tense of the verbs in the reported speech or
Indirect Speech must be generally changed.
1. Present Tense in the Direct becomes p.ast tense.
Johnsi said, “I write a letter”. (D.S)
Johnsi said that she wrote a letter. (I.S)
2. Past Tense in the direct becomes past perfect or remains unchanged.
Angel said, “I brought a pen yesterday”. (D.S)
Angel said that she had bought a pen the day before. (I.S)
3. Present Continuous in the direct becomes past continuous.
John said, “I am going to church”. (D.S)
John said that he was going to church. (I.S)
4. Past Continuous in the direct becomes past perfect continuous.
Nelson said, “I was playing cricket”. (D.S)
Nelson said that he had been playing cricket. (I.S)
5. Present Perfect in the direct becomes past perfect.
Kamal said, “I have done my home work”. (D.S)
Nelson said that he had done his home work. (I.S)
6. Present Perfect Continuous in the direct becomes past perfect continuous.
He said, “I have been reading a novel”. (D.S)
He said that he had been reading a novel. (I.S)
7. ‘Will’ and ‘Shall’ are changed to ‘would’.
He said, “I will go to London tomorrow”. (D.S)
He said that he would go to London the next day. (I.S)
8.
Johnsi said, “I write a letter”. (D.S)
Johnsi said that she wrote a letter. (I.S)
2. Past Tense in the direct becomes past perfect or remains unchanged.
Angel said, “I brought a pen yesterday”. (D.S)
Angel said that she had bought a pen the day before. (I.S)
3. Present Continuous in the direct becomes past continuous.
John said, “I am going to church”. (D.S)
John said that he was going to church. (I.S)
4. Past Continuous in the direct becomes past perfect continuous.
Nelson said, “I was playing cricket”. (D.S)
Nelson said that he had been playing cricket. (I.S)
5. Present Perfect in the direct becomes past perfect.
Kamal said, “I have done my home work”. (D.S)
Nelson said that he had done his home work. (I.S)
6. Present Perfect Continuous in the direct becomes past perfect continuous.
He said, “I have been reading a novel”. (D.S)
He said that he had been reading a novel. (I.S)
7. ‘Will’ and ‘Shall’ are changed to ‘would’.
He said, “I will go to London tomorrow”. (D.S)
He said that he would go to London the next day. (I.S)
8.
|
may
|
-
|
might
|
|
can
|
-
|
could
|
|
must
|
-
|
had to
(or) must
|
Johnsi said, “I must go now”. (D.S)
Johnsi said that she must (or) had to go then. (I.S)
Exception to the above rule:
If the direct speech contains the Universal Truth, the tense of the direct speech remains unchanged even if the reporting verb is in the past.
The teacher said, “The sun rises in the East”. (D.S)
The teacher said that the sun rises in the East. (I.S)
Statement (or) Assertive Sentence
Rules :
Johnsi said that she must (or) had to go then. (I.S)
Exception to the above rule:
If the direct speech contains the Universal Truth, the tense of the direct speech remains unchanged even if the reporting verb is in the past.
The teacher said, “The sun rises in the East”. (D.S)
The teacher said that the sun rises in the East. (I.S)
Statement (or) Assertive Sentence
Rules :
·
Remove the
quotation marks in the statement
·
Use the
conjuction ‘that’
·
Change the
reporting verb ‘say to’ into ‘tell’
·
Change the
reporting verb ‘said to’ into ‘told’
Note :
·
He said that
(correct)
·
He told me
that (correct)
·
He told that (Incorrect)
1. “I will work hard to get first class” said
Lazar (D.S.)
Lazar said he would work hard to get first class. (I.S.)
2. “You can do this work” said Nelson to Johnsi (D.S.)
Nelson told Johnsi that he could do that work. (I.S.)
3. He says, “I am glad to be here this evening”(D.S.)
He says that he is glad to be there that evening. (I.S.)
4. “I‘m going to the library now” said David (D.S.)
David said that he was going to the library then. (I.S.)
Lazar said he would work hard to get first class. (I.S.)
2. “You can do this work” said Nelson to Johnsi (D.S.)
Nelson told Johnsi that he could do that work. (I.S.)
3. He says, “I am glad to be here this evening”(D.S.)
He says that he is glad to be there that evening. (I.S.)
4. “I‘m going to the library now” said David (D.S.)
David said that he was going to the library then. (I.S.)
Indirect speech
Indirect speech, also called reported
speech or indirect discourse, is a means of expressing the
content of statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting them explicitly
as is done in direct speech.
For example, He said "I'm coming" is direct speech,
whereas He said he was coming is indirect speech. Indirect
speech should not be confused with indirect speech acts.
In terms of grammar, indirect speech often makes use of
certain syntactic structures such as content clauses ("that"
clauses, such as (that) he was coming), and sometimes infinitive phrases. References to questions
in indirect speech frequently take the form of interrogative content clauses,
also called indirect questions (such
as whether he was coming).
In indirect speech certain grammatical categories are
changed relative to the words of the original sentence.For example,person may
change as a result of a change of speaker or listener (as I changes
to he in the example above). In some languages, including English, the tense of verbs is often changed – this
is often called sequence of tenses.
Some languages have a change of mood: Latin switches
from indicative to
the infinitive (for statements) or the subjunctive (for questions).
When written, indirect speech is
not normally enclosed in quotation marks or any similar
typographical devices for indicating that a direct quotation is being made.
However such devices are sometimes used to indicate that the indirect speech is
a faithful quotation of someone's words (with additional devices such as square brackets and ellipses to indicate deviations or
omissions from those words), as in He informed us that "after dinner
[he] would like to make an announcement".
Changes in form
In indirect speech, words
generally have referents appropriate
to the context in which the act of reporting takes place, rather than that in
which the speech act being reported took place (or is conceived as taking
place). The two acts often differ in reference point (origo)
– the point in time and place and the person speaking – and also in the person
being addressed and the linguistic context. Thus when a sentence involves words
or forms whose referents depend on these circumstances, they are liable to
change when the sentence is put into indirect speech. In particular this
commonly affects:
·
personal pronouns, such as I, you,
he, we, and the corresponding verb forms (in pro-drop languages the meaning of the
pronoun may be conveyed solely by verb inflection).
·
demonstratives, such as this and that.
·
phrases of relative time or place
such as now, yesterday and here.
There may also be a change of tense or
other modifications to the form of the verb, such as change of mood.
These changes depend on the grammar of the language in question – some examples
can be found in the following sections.
It should be noted that indirect
speech need not refer to a speech act that has actually taken place; it may
concern future or hypothetical discourse; for example, If you ask him
why he's wearing that hat, he'll tell you to mind your own business. Also,
even when referring to a known completed speech act, the reporter may deviate
freely from the words that were actually used, provided the meaning is
retained. This contrasts with direct speech, where there is an expectation that
the original words will be reproduced exactly.
Examples
Some examples of changes in form
in indirect speech in English are given below. See also Sequence of tenses,
and Uses of
English verb forms: Indirect speech.
·
It is raining hard.
She says that it is raining
hard. (no change)
She said that it was raining
hard. (change of tense when the main verb is past tense)
·
I have painted the
ceiling blue.
He said that he had
painted the ceiling blue. (change of person and tense)
·
I will come to your party tomorrow.
I said that I would come to his party the
next day/the following day. (change of tense, person and time
expression)
·
How do people manage to
live in this city?
I asked him how people
managed to live in that city. (change
of tense and question syntax, and of demonstrative)
·
Please leave the room.
I asked them to leave the room. (use of
infinitive phrase)
The tense changes illustrated
above (also called backshifting), which occur because the main verb
("said", "asked") is in the past tense, are not obligatory
when the situation described is still valid
·
Ed is a bore.
She said that Ed was/is a
bore
I am coming over to
watch television.
Benjamin said that he is/was
coming over to watch television.[5] (change
of person, optional change of tense)
In these sentences the original
tense can be used provided that it remains equally valid at the time of the
reporting of the statement (Ed is still considered a bore; Benjamin is still
expected to come over).
Direct speech
Direct or quoted
speech is a sentence (or
several sentences) that reports speech or thought in its original form, as
phrased by the original speaker. It is usually enclosed in quotation marks. The cited speaker is
either mentioned in theinquit (Latin "he/she says") or
implied.
Comparison
between direct, indirect and free indirect speech
·
Quoted or direct
speech:
He laid down his bundle and
thought of his misfortune. "And just what pleasure have I found, since I
came into this world?" he asked.
He laid down his bundle and
thought of his misfortune. He asked himself what pleasure he had found since he
came into the world.
He laid down his bundle and
thought of his misfortune. And just what pleasure had he found, since he came
into this world?
A crucial semantic distinction
between direct and indirect speech is that when one uses direct speech the
reported clause is exactly what has been said, whereas indirect speech is a
representation of speech in one's own words
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